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John Parkinson (1567–1650; buried 6 August 1650) was the last of the great English herbalists and one of the first of the great English botanists. He was apothecary to James I and a founding member of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries in December 1617, and was later Royal Botanist to Charles I. He is known for two monumental works, ''Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris'' (''Park-in-Sun's Terrestrial Paradise'', 1629), which generally describes the proper cultivation of plants; and ''Theatrum Botanicum'' (''The Botanical Theatre'' or ''Theatre of Plants'', 1640), the most complete and beautifully presented English treatise on plants of its time. One of the most eminent gardeners of his day, he kept a botanical garden at Long Acre in Covent Garden, today close to Trafalgar Square, and maintained close relations with other important English and Continental botanists, herbalists and plantsmen. ==Life== Parkinson, born in 1567, spent his early life in Yorkshire. He moved to London at the age of 14 years to become an apprentice apothecary. Rising through the ranks, he eventually achieved the position of apothecary to James I, and a founding member of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries in December 1617; until 1622 he also served on the Court of Assistants, the Society's governing body. In addition, he assisted the Society in obtaining a grant of arms and in preparing a list of all medicines that should be stocked by an apothecary. He was on the committee that published their ''Pharmacopœia Londinensis'' (''London Pharmacopœia'') in 1618.〔 See .〕 Then, on the cusp of a new science, he became botanist to Charles I. Anna Parkinson, a "distant descendant"〔 of Parkinson and the author of a new popular biography of him, asserts that in 1625 when Charles I's bride, Henrietta Maria of France, came at the age of 15 years to live at St. James's Palace, "he took on the role of introducing the young queen to horticulturally sophisticated circles." When he summed up his experience in writing ''Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris'' (''Park-in-Sun's Terrestrial Paradise'', 1629 – "Park-in-Sun" is a pun on "Parkinson"), with the explanatory subtitle ''A Garden of all sorts of pleasant flowers which our English ayre will permit to be noursed up'', it was natural that he dedicated this work, which he called his "Speaking Garden",〔 to the queen.〔 Blanche Henrey called the work the "earliest important treatise on horticulture published in England", while the Hunt catalogue described it as "a very complete picture of the English garden at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and in such delightful, homely, literary style that gardeners cherish it even to the present day." Parkinson actively sought new varieties of plants through his contacts abroad and by financing William Boel's plant-hunting expedition to Iberia and North Africa in 1607–1608. He introduced seven new plants into England and was the first gardener in England to grow the great double yellow Spanish daffodil (''Pseudonarcissus aureus Hispanicus flore pleno'' or Parkinson's Daffodil, see illustration).〔 ("I thinke none ever had this kind before myselfe nor did I myself ever see it before the year 1618 for it is of mine own raising and flowering first in my own garden".) His piety as a Roman Catholic is evident from ''Paradisi in Sole''. In his introduction, Parkinson saw the botanical world as an expression of divine creation, and believed that through gardens man could recapture something of Eden. Nonetheless, a short French poem〔The poem reads:〕 at the foot of the title page warned the gardener against hubris and in having excessive regard for his efforts, for whoever tries to compare Art with Nature and gardens with Eden "measures the stride of the elephant by the stride of the mite and the flight of the eagle by that of the gnat".〔 However, struggles between Protestants and Catholics compelled Parkinson to keep a low profile.〔 He did not attend any parish church.〔 At the height of his success, the English Civil War (1642–1651) tore his family apart.〔 Parkinson's London house was in Ludgate Hill, but his botanical garden was in suburban Long Acre in Covent Garden,〔 a district of market-gardens, today close to Trafalgar Square. Not much is known about the garden, but based on a study of the writings of Parkinson and others, John Riddell has suggested that it was at least in size and probably surrounded by a wall. Four hundred and eighty-four types of plant are recorded as having been grown in the garden.〔 Thomas Johnson and the Hampshire botanist, John Goodyer, both gathered seeds there.〔 Parkinson has been called one of the most eminent gardeners of his day. He maintained close relations with other important English and Continental botanists, herbalists and plantsmen such as William Coys, John Gerard, John Tradescant the elder (who was a close friend), Vespasian Robin, and the Frenchman Matthias de Lobel (also known as Matthias de L'Obel or Matthaeus Lobelius). Together, they belonged to the generation that began to see extraordinary new plants coming from the Levant and from Virginia, broadly speaking. In his writings, de Lobel frequently mentioned the Long Acre garden and praised Parkinson's abilities. Parkinson, on his part, edited and presented in ''Theatrum Botanicum'' the papers of de Lobel, who had spent the final years of his life in Highgate supervising the gardens of Edward la Zouche, the 11th Baron Zouche.〔 Parkinson died in the summer of 1650, and was buried at St Martin-in-the-Fields, London, on 6 August.〔There is no extant memorial to Parkinson at St Martin-in-the-Fields. The present church was completed in 1726 and in the process records of the locations of all original burials were lost. Ledger slabs from earlier memorials exist, but James Gibbs, the architect of the new church building, used them as paving stones and there is no clear record of which slab is where: personal e-mail communication between Jacklee and Mr. Chris Brooker, Parish Clerk of St Martin-in-the-Fields, on 3 December 2007.〕 He is commemorated in the Central American genus of leguminous trees ''Parkinsonia''. ''Paradisi in Sole'' also inspired the children's writer Juliana Horatia Ewing (1841–1885) to write the story ''Mary's Meadow'',〔Later republished in book form as See 〕 which was first published from November 1883 to March 1884 in ''Aunt Judy's Magazine'' (1866–1885), produced by her mother Margaret Gatty. In the story, some children read ''Paradisi in Sole'' and are inspired to create their own garden. The magazine received much favourable correspondence about the story, and in July 1884 it was suggested that a Parkinson Society should be formed. The objects of the society were to "search out and cultivate old garden flowers which have become scarce; to exchange seeds and plants; to plant waste places with hardy flowers; to circulate books on gardening amongst the Members... () to try to prevent the extermination of rare wild flowers, as well as of garden treasures."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Parkinson (botanist)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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